Volkswagen Golf Service & Repair Manual: Flat spots (from locking wheels)
Flat spots can result from an extreme brake application
which causes the wheels to lock, so that the rubber is worn off
at the contact patch between the tread and the road surface. |
As the tyres slide over the road surface, friction generates
heat, which also reduces the wear resistance of the tread
material. |
Not even a highly wear-resistant tread compound can prevent
the flat spots caused by violent braking. |
Even ABS-controlled brake systems cannot prevent brief
locking of the wheels, and thus, minor flat spots. |
The degree of such wear depends largely on the vehicle
speed, the road surface and the load placed on the wheel. The
following examples should make this clear. |
If a vehicle is braked to a standstill on a dry surface with
the wheels locked, the amount of rubber worn from the tyre will
cover an area the size of a postcard and will have a thickness
of: |
up to 2.0 mm from a speed of 57 km/h (23.8 m braking
distance) |
up to 3.3 mm from a speed of 75 km/h (41.8 m braking
distance) |
up to 4.8 mm from a speed of 92 km/h (71.6 m braking
distance) |
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Tyres with such damage must no longer be used and must be
renewed. |
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Tyre noise that can be heard by the human ear is caused by
vibrations which are transmitted by the air from the source of
the sound to our ears.
...
Other materials:
Removing and installing inner door handle
The inner door handle is clipped into trim panel.
Note
Removal and installation are described for the trim
panel on driver side. Follow same instructions for the front
passenger side as appropriate.
...
Assembly overview - rear child seat anchors
1 -
ISOFIX child seat anchor
Qty. 4
Welded to underbody
2 -
Guide
For ISOFIX child seat anchor
Qty. 4
Removing and installing
→ Chapter
Must be seated firmly on child seat anchor
3 -
Li ...
Conicity
Conicity is caused by a slight offset of the tread and/or
the belt (amounting to a few tenths of a millimetre) relative to
the geometric centre of the tyre. Taper is not visible and
cannot be measured with equipment available in the workshop.
& ...
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